Start with the “class” rules: U.S. bikes are sold as Class 1 (20 mph, pedal-assist), Class 2 (20 mph, throttle), and Class 3 (28 mph, pedal-assist with speedometer). Where you can ride—and whether throttles are allowed—varies by state and trail manager, so confirm local rules before you buy. peopleforbikes.org+1
Safety standards to ask for: Look for UL 2849 (complete electrical system) and UL 2271 (battery) on the spec sheet or label. These certifications test for shock, thermal, and fire risks across the entire system—not just the pack—something regulators and big-city laws are now prioritizing. SGSCorp+1
Motor & ride profile:
- City/commute: 250–500W hub motors are efficient and low-maintenance.
- Hills/cargo/off-road: Mid-drives with higher torque feel more natural on climbs.
- Classes & limits matter: Class 3 (up to 28 mph) is fastest but restricted on many multi-use paths. WIRED
Battery & range: Voltage (48V vs. 52V) mainly affects power delivery; capacity (Wh/Ah) drives range. Expect 30–60 miles for typical packs, more with larger capacities and conservative assist levels. Manufacturers’ claims assume ideal conditions—wind, weight, terrain, and tire choice change the math. (Range norms are corroborated across industry guides and spec sheets.) IMARC Group
Pricing context 2025: The market is expanding but tariff policy can add volatility. Watch for battery-specific tariffs rising in 2026 and state incentives that offset purchase price. Example: Colorado’s $450 point-of-sale credit remains in effect through 2025 (drops to $225 in 2026). WIRED+1
Quick pre-purchase audit:
- Class matches your routes (and local rules).
- UL 2849/2271 listed; charger included and certified.
- Brakes rated for speed/weight; spare parts/warranty in writing.
- Realistic range (capacity in Wh, not just “miles”).
- For heavy riders/cargo: torque rating and brake spec > marketing claims. SGSCorp
